<span>c. lack of choice of providers</span>
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Grandfather clauses were designed to prevent poor and illiterate African Americans from voting.
This term was coined in the 19th century when new rules for literacy tests, poll taxes and requirements for voting were established.
Some white people who did not fulfill the requirements were still allowed to vote because their ancestors ( grandfathers ) had the right to vote. This was a way to make voting possible for white Americans, and to make voting almost impossible for black people.
Today, this term applies to a provision in which an old rule continues to apply to some existing situation while a new rule will apply to future cases.
Gorbachev's best statement about perestroika is that without a perestroika, the cold war would simply not be complete. But the world could not continues to evolve, as it was, with a sharp threat of a nuclear war.
In order to reform the relaxed Soviet Union, the democratization of the Communist Party was promoted through the policy of Mikhail Gorbachev's party "perestroika" and "glasnost". Perestroika refers to the reconstruction of the political and economic system founded by the Communist Party.
Prestroika means reformation, and volume means openness. The openness is primarily reflected in relations with the West, which gave a major contribution to the end of the Cold War.
