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Journalist, reformer. A founder of modern Muslim anti-colonialism, he advocated a religious and cultural revival to counteract European influence. Jamal al-Din Afghani is considered to be the founding father of Islamic modernism. His place of birth, which has become a source of long-standing controversy, is not known, but he received his early education in various religious schools near Kabul, Afghanistan and Tehran, Iran. He went to India in 1855-6 to continue his studies. In 1870, he traveled to Istanbul where he received a warm welcome from Ottoman officials and intellectuals who were instrumental in the creation of reforms. Afghani went to Egypt in 1871 and remained there for the next eight years, during which time he began to spread his philosophical and political ideas through classes and public lectures.
In 1886, he was invited by Shah Nasir al-Din to Iran and offered the position of special adviser to the Shah, which he accepted. Afghani, however, was critical of the Shah’s policies, and this differing of opinion forced Afghani to leave Iran for Russia in 1886, where he remianed until 1889. In 1889 on his way to Paris, Afghani met Shah Nasir al-Din in Munich and was offered the position of grand vizier. Although he accepted, Afghani’s unabated criticisms of the rule and conduct of the Shah led to his eventual deportation from Iran in the winter of 1891. Afghani was later implicated in the murder of Shah Nasir al-Din in 1896.
Afghani spent the last part of his life in Istanbul under the patronage and, later surveillance of Sultan ‘Abd al-Hamid II. The demands for Afghani’s extradition by the Iranian officials for his alleged involvement in the assassination of Shah Nasir al-Din were rejected by ‘Abd al-Hamid who collaborated with Afghani in the implementation of his political program of pan-Islamism or Islamic unity, "ittihad-i islam." Afghani sent a number of letters to various Islamic countries and leaders to mobilize and unite them against British rule, while at the same time trying to establish the foundations of a mutual rapprochement between the Sunnis and the Shi`ites. Despite his efforts to unite Muslims, ‘Abd al-Hamid eventually grew suspicious of Afghani’s meetings with Arab leaders and the British officials in Istanbul, and his policy of supporting Afghani changed, not permitting him to leave the country. Not long after on March 9, 1897, Afghani died of cancer and was buried in Istanbul.
Origins of the Industrial Revolution. The first Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain after 1750. There were several factors that combined to make Great Britain an ideal place for industrialization. First, the Agricultural Revolution of the 18th century created a favorable climate for industrialization.
I think the correct answer from the choices listed above is option B. Seals and cartouches made in ancient Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley and Egypt contain <span> writing made of symbols. Hope this answers the question. Have a nice day.</span>
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Inspired by the principles of racial pride, autonomy and self-determination expressed by Malcolm X (whose assassination in 1965 had brought even more attention to his ideas), as well as liberation movements in Africa, Asia and Latin America, the Black Power movement that flourished in the late 1960s and ‘70s argued that black Americans should focus on creating economic, social and political power of their own, rather than seek integration into white-dominated society.
Crucially, Black Power advocates, particularly more militant groups like the Black Panther Party, did not discount the use of violence, but embraced Malcolm X’s challenge to pursue freedom, equality and justice “by any means necessary.”
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