In 1668, Francesco Redi, an Italian scientist, designed a scientific experiment to test the spontaneous creation of maggots by placing fresh meat in each of two different jars. ... Redi successfully demonstrated that the maggots came from fly eggs and thereby helped to disprove spontaneous generation.
The answer I believe is number 1
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That doesn't mean the energy is gone, it's just not where you are looking. The universe is defined as all energy and matter. It is everything. Closed system there is ...
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If a plant's leaves only contained the vascular tissue xylem, then it will not be possible for the plant to absorb carbon dioxide. As carbon dioxide is required for photosynthesis to occur, this means that the process of photosynthesis will not take place. As a result, the plant will not be able to produce food as photosynthesis is the process by which plants make food. This will result in the plant to die eventually in the end due to lack of food.