It should be the first option: nation-state
"wealthy landowners" were members of the aristocracy in Byzantine society since this aristocracy was composed a small elite. The shopkeepers and small-scale merchants constituted the poor majority.
B)Railroads - more cities could access railroads and increase trade. was built more in the 1800s.Canals was a short-lived era. [ Railroads beginning in the late 1830s and early 1840s were built because they were faster and more reliable than Canals which were often destroyed by washouts of the banks and floods destroyed many canals. The first transcontinental was completed in 1869, by 1900 there<span>were 15 transcontinental railroads. ]</span>
July 18, 1918
Hope this helps
