First protagonist.
It is from the the main character and only their perspective. First person usually captures the character's emotions and insight the best.
An appropriate summary for the article "A Most Troublesome Element" is the last option - C. Arsenic is a naturally occurring, poisonous element that has threatened the health of humans since the Middle Ages.
It clearly states what the whole article is about.
I believe it is “The teacher’s books”
The best answer would be Letter B - to entertain.
The author merely would like to provide amusement to the readers at his expense. It certainly does not persuade, explain, nor inform anything since it states - <span>But why bother with the descriptions; you’ve probably already grasped the idea!</span> - which could be taken as a witticism.