The discovery of a sea route between Europe and Asia did all of the following ... the surrounding areas, trade between Europe and Asia came to a complete halt, ...
I think it's the first one and the third one. Not completely sure though.
This movement is called convection. It can be found in liquids, gasses and rheids - solids that can also experience movement ( on a big time scale), such as the earth mantle. One of the types of convection is diffusion: net movement of gasses from higher to lower concentration areas.
highly educated middle class
