Answer:
Oxidative Phosphorylation
The mitochondria is one of the double membrane organelles with specialized energy-producing functions, that is, reduced nucleotides to finally form the cellular energy currency that is ATP. The 5'-triphosphate adenosine molecule (ATP) is synthesized in the inner mitochondrial membrane as a subsequent step to the electron transport chain through oxidative phosphorylation. This process takes advantage of the flow of protons or proton motive force, detected by an electrochemical differential of H +, to produce ATP through the complex V of the mitochondrial inner membrane. Together with photosynthesis, it is one of the most important energy transduction processes in the biosphere.
Oxidative phosphorylation: Synthesis of ATP
The mitochondria, in its inner membrane, is the place of the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation, | Mitochondrial electronic transport and oxidative phosphorylation are the mechanisms that aerobic organisms use to synthesize ATP from reduced organic molecules.
1.1
Meiosis I
The first meiotic division: diploid → haploid
Prophase I: Chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane dissolves, homologous chromosomes join and occurs crossing over.
Metaphase-I: the homologous chromosomes align in the middle of the cell. Spindle fibers from the centrosomes connect to the chromosomes.
Anaphase -I: Spindle fibers contract and split the homologous chromosomes, moving them to opposite poles of the cell.
Telophase -I: Chromosomes decondense; cell divides to form two haploid cells.
1.2 Meiosis II
The second division: separates sister chromatids (these chromatids may not be identical due to crossing over in prophase I)
Prophase II: Chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane dissolves, centrosomes move to opposite poles (perpendicular to before)
Metaphase-II: the chromosomes align in the middle of the cell. Spindle fibers from the centrosomes connect to the chromosomes (at the centromere)
Anaphase-II: Spindle fibers contract and split the sister chromatids, and moves them to opposite poles of the cell.
Telophase-II: Chromosomes decondense,cells divides again to form another 2 haploid daughter cells. Final: 4 new cells.
2. The differences:
Mitosis:
- has 1 division per cycle
- one cell produces 2 new cells
- the genetic information in the mother-cell and the daughter-cells are the same. ( the number of chromosomes is also the same)
- it occurs in somatic cells
Meiosis:
- two divisions per cycle
- one cell when divides produces 4 new cells
- the new cells have different genetic information. mixes the genetic material from the parent cells
- the number of chromosomes of the daughter cells is half of the mother's.
3. Prokaryotic organisms don't divide through mitosis, they use a different process called binary fission. Only eukaryotic organisms, or those whose cells have a defined nuclei, undergo mitosis. Bacteria, for example, are prokaryotic organisms that use binary fission.
4.
It can't occur. Cross over is the exchange of DNA between homologous chromosomes. That will result in recombinant chromosomes during sexual reproduction. It can't occur on different chromosomes because they don't code for the same genes.
5. There are a lot of different theories about that, but it's mostly believed that meiosis must evolve before sexual reproduction. That's because The cell replicates their information first and then divides. Plus the cell does that even though it didn't recombine DNA with another organism (sexual reproduction).
Unoxygenated blood from veins enters the right atrium then it goes down to the right ventricle then out through the pulmonary artery to the lungs where it becomes oxygenated blood which then enters the heart through the pulmonary veins and it goes to the left atrium and then is pumped down to the left ventricle and out through the aorta to the arteries where it travels to different organs and becomes deoxygenated and then the cycle repeats itself.
