The writings of Jean Bodin provides us with an early theorisation of the idea of sovereignty even though the examples he uses are quite extensive. Essential to Bodin's notion of sovereignty is that the power the sovereign holds must be absolute and permanent. If a ruler holds absolute power for the duration of his life he can be said to be sovereign. In contrast, an elected official or some other person that holds limited powers can not be described to be sovereign. Although at times Bodin suggests that the people are sovereign, his definition of sovereignty as absolute, unlimited and enduring power points purposively towards a positive association of sovereignty and a singular monarchical, or even tyrannical, power.
Another qualification that Bodin introduces into the definition of sovereignty as absolute and perpetual is one that will become increasingly important in subsequent theorisations, culminating in the work of Carl Schmitt. For Bodin, a sovereign prince is one who is exempt from obedience to the laws of his predecessors and more importantly, those issued by himself. Sovereignty rests in being above, beyond or excepted from the law. Although it occupies a subordinate place in Bodin's theorisation, it could be said that this exception from being subject to the law is the quintessential condition of sovereignty in so far as it is understood politically.
Although for Bodin sovereignty is characterised by absolute and perpetual power he goes on to make a series of important qualifications to this concept. These come from two principle concerns. The first is real politics - Bodin seems to be aware that absolute power could licence behaviour injurious to sovereign authority. Hence for example a sovereign cannot and should not confiscate property nor break contractual agreements made with other sovereigns, estates nor private persons. The second reason is Bodin's underlying theological notion of divine authority and natural law. A sovereign may put aside civil law, but he must not question natural law (in which it appears right of property is sanctioned). Saying this, it is ultimately from this divine authority that the earthly right of sovereign power is legitimated. The prince literary does god's bidding, and yet by virtue of this can do wrong. Hopefully this helps out some :)
Answer: Mountains (IF THIS IS AFRICA)
Explanation: . It is subdivided into a number of zones running north and south and consisting in turn of mountain ranges, tablelands and hollows. The most striking feature is the existence of two great lines of hollows, due largely to the subsidence of whole segments of the Earth's crust, the lowest parts of which are occupied by vast lakes. Towards the south the two lines converge and give place to one great valley (occupied by Lake Nyasa, or Lake Malawi), the southern part of which is less distinct due to rifting and subsidence than the rest of the system.
Answer:
the ability or willingness to tolerate something, in particular the existence of opinions or behavior that one does not necessarily agree with.
Explanation:
2nd question- in 1733, the philosopher who has been credited with ushering in the french enlightenment , francois marie arout de voltaire , published a pivotal work entitled letters concerning the english nation.
The correct answer is D) Emperors communicated using runners from the capital city of Cuzco.
This was a characteristic of the Inca civilization: "Emperors communicated using runners from the capital city of Cuzco."
The Inca were one of the most important civilizations in South America in Prehispanic times. They settled in the mountains called "Anders" in Peru and built the impressive city of Macchu Pichu. People lived in modest houses made of stone and as they lived in the mountains, they worked as farmers to make a living building "terraces," portions of flat land where they could grow crops.
