The major physical feature that the pioneers crossing West had to contend with were the Rocky and Sierra Nevada Mountains.
These mountain ranges were treacherous and many died trying to find passages to cross.
It is directly proportional to the charges in the particles and inverses proportional to the square of the distance between them
Biological warfare was effective against the Inca because there immune system's were not used to that type of diseases that Europeans brought over. There are very susceptible to disease and were wiped out quickly
He'd already invaded France and was a the bring of war with England
They had no real power or authority to enforce their laws, taxes, and/or polices.