Figure 1. Receptor proteins produced as a result of alternative splicing followed by activation of a second messenger
1 answer:
Answer:
Explanation:
Firstly; the missing figure is attached in the diagram below.
Ligand A and ligand B can cause identical cellular responses in a cell due to the fact that there are cross-linkages in the various enzymatic activities taking place in the receptor proteins located in the plasma membrane.
This implies that a particular compound in the cell signaling in eukayortes can be triggered by some mechanism. For example as we can see right in the diagram; The ligands can trigger the G-protein in the plasma membrane which result into increase in cAMP.
In addition to that; IP3/DAG pathway can signal and trigger the calcium influx moving into the cytoplasm from the endoplasmic reticulum
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<h2>Lac operon </h2>
Explanation:
Lac operon present in prokaryotic chromosomes whose product involves in transportation and catabolism of lactose
- Lac operon consists of three structural genes called Lac Z,Lac Y and Lac A and a regulatory element(promoter and operator)
- Lac I gene is present outside the Lac operon,act as regulatory gene and control the expression of Lac operon genes
- Lac Z codes for β galactosidase which converts lactose into allolactose
- Lac Y codes for Lac permease which act as a membrane transporter and transport lactose into the cells
- Lac A codes for transacetylase which neutralize the toxic effects of lactose
Lac operon in absence of lactose
- In absence of lactose Lac operon exists in switch off state
- Lac I gene produces Lac repressor which binds to operator region and prevent binding of RNA Polymerase thus blocks transcription
Lac operon in presence of lactose
- In presence of lactose Lac operon exists in switch on state
- In presence of lactose few molecules of Lac operon enzyme catalyse conversion of lactose to allolactose
- Allolactose act as an inducer,binds to the Lac repressor and induce conformational changes causing dissociation of Lac repressor from operator
- In absence of Lac repressor RNA Polymerase binds to the promoter and starts transcription of genes which catabolize lactose
Lac promoter is a weak promoter and direct transcription of Lac operon genes in very low level in presence of lactose
- For higher level expression of Lac operon genes,operon system require conversion of weak promoter to strong promoter which is always mediated by catabolite protein-cAMP complex(CAP-cAMP complex)
- CAP cAMP complex binds to the upstream of promoter called CAP binding site and stimulate expression of Lac operon genes by facilitating binding of RNA Polymerase
- Catabolite activator protein(CAP) or cAMP receptor protein(CRP) activate when cAMP binds
- cAMP is a secondary messenger synthesized from ATP and act as co-activator of CRP
- With respect to CAP cAMP complex Lac operon system is positively controlled
- In prokaryotic cell cAMP is very low when glucose concentration is relatively high and vice versa
- At high concentration of glucose the growth rate is maximum and lactose catabolism is repressed called catabolite repression