It was reinaugurated in 324 from ancient Byzantium as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Emperor Constantine the Great. :)
The organizational structure is dominated by the institutional norms imposed by the state and the professionals. The attempt to achieve rationality in the midst of the restriction of these new governmental structures and professionals, lead to the formation of a homogeneous structure, or institutional isomorphism. Isomorphism forces a group of workers to compete with other equal groups, and in very similar codes. Since companies and organizations always compete, this only generates a struggle between equals, and foments conformism since all groups must be equal and are not free to innovate or to leave that struggle, to look for new markets or ways to be efficient.
For example, if a car company creates a type of car, and other similar companies create cars too, then they will only change the shape, colors, designs or styles of cars; but no one will create a motorcycle or a van, and the market will be filled with cars that do not satisfy all people, because companies will be afraid to innovate or create something different, or to have to adapt to the rules of the State.
A constitution drafted by Bismarck set up a two-house legislature.the <span>upper house, was appointed by the rulers of the </span>German states and the<span> lower house, was elected by universal male suffrage
</span>Bundesrat the upper house, was appointed by the rulers of the German<span> states. </span>
The Ottoman Empire reached the zenith of its power while it was under the sovereignty of Suleiman the Magnificent, making it one of the most powerful states in the world at that time. It used the traditional religious Sharia (Islamic Law), and Qanun, as its legal system. <span />
