The word would be extrinsic. Extrinsic means "<span>not part of the essential nature of someone or something; coming or operating from outside."</span>
Answer:
The author is trying to say that it's worthless to be classified as a citizen if you cannot vote, just as it is worthless to have a boat if you have no oars.
Well, using my limited knowledge, "cleaving" means to chop, break in half, split, etc. Twain means twice. So, perhaps it's like "you've broke my heart in half", something along those lines? hopefully this helps you.
An infinitive is a type of D. Verbal. It is one of the three types, besides gerunds and participles that are the other two types of verbals, whereas appositive is not a type of a verbal.
