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In the case McCulloch v. Maryland, the Supreme Court considered whether Congress had the power to create a national bank and whether the state of Maryland had interfered with congressional powers by taxing the national bank.
The Supreme Court ruled in favor of McCulloch and found that the state of Maryland had interfered with one of Congress’s implied powers.
Answer:
D. the perceived likelihood that employees' efforts will enable them to attain their performance goals.
Explanation:
Expectancy theory is defined as the statement that the amount of effort an individuals uses will depends on how much of the reward they are expecting to get in return.
The three main components of the expectancy theory of motivations are -- instrumentality, valence and expectancy.
Valence in the expectancy theory is the perception of the employees to work hard or make effort which will enable them to achieve their performance goals.
Hence the correct option is (D).
