The answer for this question is: Observable behavior
Before this period, American psychologist was really fascinated with the study of the mental life. Because of the development in industrial technology, many companies started to put a lot of money in order to research observable behavior so they could expand their target market.
I believe it is condemning England for conquering all of these other places. I think it has a bad connotation since it calls England the "Devilfish".
Answer:
Because most Caliphates and Emirates would actively impose Shari'a and Islam upon its lands and the people that resided in their lands, therefore spreading Islamic influence.
Based on the history of the Meiji Restoration which happened in Japan in the late 19th Century, what resulted from this was that its military has strengthened more. The answer to this is the first option. The Meiji Restoration in Japan was done in order to restore imperial rule. Hope this helps.
The way that Adam Smith revolutionize economics is: He developed the idea of the "invisible hand" of the free market, which continually keeps the economy on course
Adam smith's teaching became the basis of Capitalism that we see today. According to this system, The market will decide who will accumulate the most wealth simply by following the flow of supply and demand (i.e: the invisible hand)
