<span>When Muhammed died, his father in law, named Abu Bakr became the successor, also known as a caliph. </span>
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The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States; 1 Taxing Power. ... ArtI.
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D. overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling accepting segregated facilities.
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<u><em>What is the Brown v. Board of Education case about (1954)?</em></u>
The US Supreme Court decided that racial segregation in schools was unconstitutional (forbidden by the law), because it violated the 14th Amendment and the Equal Protection Clause it contains. Until then, children from racial minorities had to go to schools that were separate from the schools where white children went.
In this context, 13 parents from Topeka, Kansas, sued the Topeka Board of Education for their 20 children who were segregated in schools on racial grounds. The case went up to the Supreme Court and they won.
<u><em>What is the Plessy v. Ferguson case about (1896)?</em></u>
In this case with similar facts, the US Supreme Court had ruled that racial segregation in schools <u>that had equal facilities, accommodations and services was legal </u>(<em>"separate but equal"</em>), a decision which supported racist views and a defeat for the the Civil Rights Movement.
<u>However, Brown v. Board of Education overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling and it paved the way for ending racial segregation and justice for the racial minorities, especially in school. </u>
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Some fugitives went to Canada instead of staying in northern states because they risked being captured in northern states.
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During the time of slavery in the southern United States, escaping slaves had to leave the southern states in order to guarantee (to some extent) their freedom. Even so, many times the owners crossed the Mason-Dixon Line and captured the fugitives, either in open places in front of anyone, or with the collusion of the authorities. Therefore, once the Underground Railroad (the organization that was in charge of helping the slaves to escape) was formed, many routes were directed directly to Canada, so as not to saturate the routes to the great northern cities such as New York, as to guarantee the safety of slaves in a country that had abolished slavery in 1807.
