A turning point usually introduces new people, ideas, and technology which results in different forms of government change in idea and even rebellions. So it can be thought of as a revolution because new things are showing up and change is happening.
A) Applies to all states
The fourteenth amendment guaranteed all citizens of the Unites States equal protection of the laws.
If you're referring to the post WW2 period, then it was fairly simple, the United States wanted to create a democratic liberal country that would share their political goals in Europe, while the Soviets wanted to make it into a Communist state that would share their goals and ideals in Europe. Each would have their own central European country to control the remainder of Europe.
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Yes, moderate republicans wanted the reconstruction plan while radical republicans thought reconstruction was too lenient toward the south and wasn’t harsh enough due to the fact they caused the war. The radical republicans plan was to disband the aristocracy with farming, redistribute land and guarantee the civil rights to former slaves.
