Answer:
It is a independent political power with strong social ties to a "parent nation".
Explanation:
Domesticated Plants and Animals while building permanent settlements in agricultural hearths
He studied the fossils' age and how tall the mountains are. He also studied how old they are. I don't know about Coal Beds but he also used balloons to find out the continents were once a big supercontinent called Pangaea and they apparantly drifted apart