Answer:
Lin relied on aggressive moral tone, meanwhile proceeding relentlessly against British merchants in a manner that could only insult their government. The only lesson Lin drew from China’s humiliation was that it was necessary to learn more about these “barbarians” and to import their technology. He could neither comprehend the implications of the European challenge nor overcome the weakness and conservative opposition of his contemporaries. Later, the so-called Self-Strengthening Movement adopted Lin’s program of reform; still later generations of revolutionaries abandoned Chinese culture in order to save China but accepted Lin as a national hero because of his courage and example in opposing the British.
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A. Predestination. John Calvin was a famous French theologian and a major leader of the Protestant Reformation. He helped popularize the belief in the sovereignty of God in all areas of life, as well as the doctrine of predestination.
I'm pretty sure (1) Trade with Asia is right because the plague was carried by rats on ships coming from the East to the West.
Also, you can guess by the dates. The Black Death was in the 12th and 13th centuries, while conquest of Japan and exploration of the Western Hemisphere were in the 14th century.
