Answer:
Patriotism has always been an important political concept in Polish public discourse. During country's partitions (1795-1918) and under the communist rule it was one of the 'integrating forces' (Polakiewicz) and tools to maintain national identity and oppose the imposed regime. After 1989 its role becomes manifold. While multiple intellectuals still debate about its essence and usefulness in public sphere and try to elaborate a new patriotic formula for times of peace, increasingly the debates over its meaning become political. One could even conclude that it might be an 'essentially contested' concept (W.B. Gallie), or rather that actors from different ideological sides try to use it to their advantage and achieve their political goals with it. Labeling oneself 'the real patriot' and refusing this label to others in the process of monopolisation of patriotism (Bar-Tal) demonstrates how an allegedly subjective feeling can be used in the political realm, and how strong emotions such process can bring about. The analysis is based on a number of empirical debates about patriotism, e.g. the last up to date that occurred in 2010 after the crash of presidential aircraft in Katyn. The analysis will also compare whether more theoretical debates from the initial stage of the democratic transition had an impact on living the national mourning and expressing patriotism in the wake of such a national trauma.
Explanation:
its a bit long but hope it helps
How the renaissance changed early modern Europe Early modern Europe was an interesting and important time for all of Europe. From 1300 to 1800, many events were set into motion that would forever change Europe, and to extent, the rest of the world.
Answer:
seems you've answered this.
Explanation:
Answer:
(B) high taxes for all three Estates.
Explanation:
In the late eighteenth century towards the French Revolution, the French experienced certain problems that largely affected the sociopolitical and economic landscape of the country. Some of which includes:
1. High food prices, including bread due to shortage of food.
2. An increase in the national debt resulting from the indirect involvement of France in the American revolutionary war
3. A weak, indecisive king, King Louis XVI was widely believed to take actions in such a way that doesn't show direction or confidence
4. Food shortages due to bad harvests
5. Top class people or Estates such as clergy and nobility class were exempted from paying taxes.
Hence, in this case, the correct answer is "high taxes for all three Estates, " which is not part of the French problem during this period.
Laws passed between 1763 and 1775, caused tensions between colonists and imperial officials.
