In the very, very simplest terms, judging the validity of an argument starts centers around this process:
1) Identify the rhetoric (Lines of Argument) from the actual, formal reasons. Separate the persuasive language from the actual claims to truth and fact.
2) Analyze those reasons (claims to truth and fact) by identifying their logic (often in the Implicit Reasons) and evidence.
3) Test and evaluate the logic and evidence; identify logical errors and ask whether the evidence can and has been tested and objectively, repeatedly, factually verified.
The answer to your question would be A. Planes.
Answer:
D. My grandmother has already read that detective novel.
The freedom of expression, which includes but is not limited to; peaceful protest, freedom of the press, and freedom of religion.
