Votes from the electoral college
Bolivar was the man who liberated much of South America from European rule. This quote most likely means that he and the other rebels have seen the light of freedom due to their actions, and do not wish to return to the control of Europe. Bolivar wanted to bring independence to South America, as he saw the European rulers as oppressive.
The central theme of Andrew Jackson’s campaign in the 1828 elections was that he would fight for the "common man," since he was running against "big business" and the banks that were thought to be hurting the lives of "average" Americans.
The United States wants Japan to get rid of the clause. The reason behind them wanting to do this is for Japan to rise in the region in response to China. China is becoming very powerful in the region and has a lot of influence over the region and the US would like Japan to deter China's influence.