<span>DNA contains the code for all an organism's protein. Since many of the organism's structures, processes, and growth depend on protein the DNA is central to the well being of all organisms. In eukaryotes, the DNA is locked up in the nucleus. The area of the cell where proteins are made is in the cytosol (ribosomes). In order for the protein to be made the DNA has to produce a copy of the blueprint m-RNA. This messenger RNA will take the code to the ribosome. The process by which m-RNA is made is called transcription. A-U, C-G base pairing rules. Once on the ribosome another RNA comes into play t-RNA. This is called transfer RNA. Here it will take an amino acid and place it in the correct order to produce the desired protein. This is called translation. It begins with a start co don AUG. and ends with a stop codon. The protein will then go to the Golgi apparatus and be formed into its final shape.
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- Yes, because biomes are climatically and geographically defined as similar climatic conditions on the Earth, such as communities of plants, ...
The normal blood pH for adult humans is 7.40, and this pH value is vigorously defended at normal body temperature
Acid base Homeostasis is the method by which body keeps a constant ph
pH is kept under check via different systems
1. Chemical system :bicarbonate buffer system(explained below )
Respiratory component :
2. Respiratory Component: The second line of dense is rapid consisting of the control the carbonic acid concentration in the ECF by changing the rate and depth of breathing by hyperventilation or hypoventilation. This blows off or retains carbon dioxide (and thus carbonic acid) in the blood plasma as required
3.Metabolic component : third line of defense is slow, best measured by the base excess,eand mostly depends on the renal system which can add or remove bicarbonate ions to or from the ECF.Bicarbonate ions are derived from metabolic carbon dioxide which is enzymatically converted to carbonic acid in the renal tubular cells.There, carbonic acid spontaneously dissociates into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions.When the pH in the ECF falls, hydrogen ions are excreted into urine, while bicarbonate ions are secreted into blood plasma, causing the plasma pH to rise.The converse happens if the pH in the ECF tends to rise: bicarbonate ions are then excreted into the urine and hydrogen ions into the blood plasma.
Buffers usually consist of a weak acid and its conjugate base; this enables them to readily absorb excess H+ or OH–, keeping the system’s pH within a narrow range.
Maintaining a constant blood pH is critical to a person’s well-being. The buffer that maintains the pH of human blood involves carbonic acid (H2CO3), bicarbonate ion (HCO3–), and carbon dioxide (CO2). When bicarbonate ions combine with free hydrogen ions and become carbonic acid, hydrogen ions are removed, moderating pH changes. Similarly, excess carbonic acid can be converted into carbon dioxide gas and exhaled through the lungs; this prevents too many free hydrogen ions from building up in the blood and dangerously reducing its pH; likewise, if too much OH– is introduced into the system, carbonic acid will combine with it to create bicarbonate, lowering the pH.
Example: Antacids, which combat excess stomach acid, are another example of buffers.
ECF =Extra cellular fluid
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