If there is a waterfall or rapids than you couldn't go swimming in the river
Monandas Gandhi
(you will need to add more background.) he stood for peace and caused others to be at peace around him
Alfred Kroeber did explain the theory of environmental determinism first so that means the statement is true.
I assume that the question refers to the political affiliation of the Islands (They are Islands in the Mariana Trench, in the Pacific Ocean, south of Japan) - they are politically linked to the US - the correct answer is a). For example the Mariana islands have a commonwealth status within the US.