It was "Germany" who was blamed for World War I and was made to the pay the greatest price, since Germany was hit with massive reparations after the war that were practically impossible to pay.
I assume you mean what challenges after they gained independence. They had many internal conflicts. This included fighting about religion. There were also natural disasters. There was the problem of transitioning directly from a dictatorship to a democracy.
Loyalty to one's country is called Nationalism.
<span>The correct answer is the last option. A guild is
an association of artisans or merchants who oversaw and trained new merchants
(apprentice). They were organized in a manner of a professional association, trade
union, cartel, and secret society. The important result of guilds is emergence
of universities of Bologna, Paris and Oxford.</span>
