Answer:
The albedo temperature for Mars and Venus are 210K and 184 K respectively.Mars albedo temperature is closer to its black body temperature such that the Venus has more albedo.Thus there is a chance that Mars would have had life in their history.
Explanation:
The albedo temperature is given as
![Te =\left [\dfrac{L(1-a)}{ (16\pi \sigma D^2}\right]^{1/4}](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=Te%20%3D%5Cleft%20%5B%5Cdfrac%7BL%281-a%29%7D%7B%20%2816%5Cpi%20%5Csigma%20D%5E2%7D%5Cright%5D%5E%7B1%2F4%7D)
Here
L = Solar luminosity = 3.846*1026 W m-2 K-4
D = distance from Sun
σ = the Stefan-Boltzman constant = 5.6704 * 10-8 W
a is the albedo constant whose value for Mars is 0.250 while for Venus it is 0.900
So the albedo temperature is given as
Venus: 184 K
Mars: 210 K
The black body temperature is given as
![Te =\left [\dfrac{L}{ (16\pi \sigma D^2}\right]^{1/4}](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=Te%20%3D%5Cleft%20%5B%5Cdfrac%7BL%7D%7B%20%2816%5Cpi%20%5Csigma%20D%5E2%7D%5Cright%5D%5E%7B1%2F4%7D)
By substitution of the values, the black body temperature for Venus and Mars are as
Venus: 327 K
Mars: 225 K
Mars albedo temperature is closer to its black body temperature such that the Venus has more albedo.
Thus there is a chance that Mars would have had life in their history.
Answer
Seismic activities in this area are small and they are never even felt.
Explanation
Along the Indiana and Illinois border runs the Wabash valley seismic zone, which according to the United States Geological Services (USGS) data, lesser earthquake events happen relatively frequently along the line. Although Indiana is located near two powerful fault lines, it hasn’t produced life threatening earthquakes.
Answer:
B. The Channel Tunnel connecting the United Kingdom and France reduced travel time between these nations
E. Land has been cleared to make room for France's famous vineyards
F. A highway through Mount Blanc connects Italy and France
Explanation:
One of the five themes of geography is the human-environmental interaction. The human-environmental interaction basically means that the humans and the environment interact with each other and affect each other, sometimes in positive manner, sometimes in negative manner. There are many examples for this geographic theme across the globe.
The Channel Tunnel between the UK and France is an underwater tunnel. Its purpose is to make the traveling easier and faster between the two nations. It has been built in the sea waters, and fortunately it is not having any negative impacts on the environment.
France is one of the biggest producers of vine in the world. In order to have the amount of grapes needed for France to produce lot of vine it needs lot of agricultural land. This has been accomplished by clearing the land from the wild vegetation over time. While this has had a very positive impact on the economy of France, it has had very negative effect on the wildlife as it has totally ruined the habitat for lot of species.
Italy and France are separated by a massive mountain range, the Alps. The Alps are very large and very high, but nonetheless the humans managed to find ways to build highways through them despite all the difficulties. The highways are state of art through the Alps, and they are very useful for the countries in the region as these highways connect them, and not making them isolted. It has not been so great for the environment though, as lot of changes have been done to the mountain range, and every day there's thousands of animals that die on the highways.
Answer: Some foods are avoided for religious or cultural reasons even at the expense of a balanced diet.
Answer:
C. plagioclase
Explanation:
From the magma silicate crystals are formed successively when the magma temperature reaches the typical melting temperature for each type of crystal. The first crystals formed at high temperatures can then change their composition or dissolve again. In this way the crystals already formed contribute their ions, molecules and atoms to magma and combine again forming new crystals whose melting temperature is lower than that of the first crystals formed. The new crystals are said to be stable at the lowest temperatures set now. These processes of change are called reactions. As several successive reactions occur as the magma temperature decreases the ordered series of reactions is called the BOWEN series in honor of the Canadian scientist who formulated this concept. There are two types of reactions, the continuous reaction and the discontinuous reaction.
<u>
By continuous reaction a crystal formed at high temperatures such as a plagioclase rich in the Ca2 +</u> component gradually varies its composition by replacing a portion of the Ca2 + ions with the Na + ions and a portion of the Al3 + ions with the Si4 + ions. To maintain its neutrality, the replacement of Ca2 + by Na + is coupled with the replacement of Al3 + by Si4 +. The series of continuous reaction starts from the plagioclase rich in Ca2 +, passes through several plagioclase of intermediate composition towards the plagioclase rich in Na +
