Answer:
False. There are 20 amino acids, but 64 possible codons.
Explanation:
Genetic information for the aminoacids assembly during the protein synthesis is stored in short sequences of three nucleotides named codons in the mRNA. Each of the codons represents one of the 20 amino acids used to build the protein. The total number of possible codons is 64, from which 61 codify amino acids -more than one codon codify for the same amino acid-. One of these amino acids is also the start point of protein synthesis. And the left three codons are stopping translation points.
The codons indicating the initiation or stop points during the translation process are:
• The start codon AUG is the most common sequence used by eukaryotic cells and places near the 5´extreme of the molecule. However, other codons might be used as well. Prokaryote cells might use the codons GUG or UUG.
• The end codons are UAA, UAG, UGA.
Answer:
phages are non-living biological entities that can produce numerous copies of themselves, forming ordered three-dimensional structures on a nanometre scale
Explanation:
A phage (i.e., a bacteriophage), is a virus capable of infecting and replicating within bacteria. Bacteriophages are composed of proteins forming a capsid that encapsulates the genetic material (either DNA or RNA genome), which may contain a variable number of genes. Bacteriophages, and viruses in general, can be considered nanomachines capable of producing numerous copies of themselves with high fidelity by utilizing the molecular machinery of the host bacterial cell. In biotechnology, it has been proposed to exploit the knowledge about bacteriophage reproduction to design diverse nanostructures.
Answer:
Option (c) is the correct answer.
Explanation:
It is known that if we have to convert temperature from kelvin to degree celsius then we have to subtract 273 from the given value of temperature.
Whereas when we have to convert temperature from degree celsius to kelvin then we have to add 273 in the given value of temperature.
Therefore, convert value of 200 Kelvin in the Celsius scale of temperature as follows.
Temperature = (200 - 273) degree celsius
= - 73 degree celsius
Thus, we can conclude that value of 200 Kelvin in the Celsius scale of temperature is - 73^{o}C.
This description is unspecific and is confusing...
The nose has different functions mainly for inhalation of oxygen and exhalation of carbon dioxide which is called the respiration process or gas exchange. As a sensory organ, the nose has also another function which is olfaction, the ability to smell.
Olfaction in a biopsychological term, is the process by which sensory information recognized by the nasal receptors are transduced in a understandable and recognizable stimulus or rather perception, in simplest term is to smell.
Therefore, nasal receptors are the structures that send messages to the facial nerve which is responsible for sending the information to the brain for it to be perceived and acknowledge.
In the case of the muscular cramps, the muscle contraction starts with the generation of the action potentials from the brain. The action potential causes the release of the calcium ions movement out of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (storage site of calcium). The calcium released in this process causes the contraction of the myofibrils with the help of the ATP molecules. Meanwhile, the calcium is pumped back to the sarcoplasmic reticulum through the fast calcium pumps.
The contraction of one muscle cell generate the action potential in neighboring muscle cells. When the generation of the action potential is stopped, the sarcoplasmic reticulum relaxes as well as the muscle is relaxed. The fast calcium pump is powered by a sodium gradient, and the calcium influx is a result of fast outflux of the sodium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
In case, the sodium ion is less, the calcium pumps cannot be powered, the calcium ion would remain in myofibril, as a result, the muscle would be contracted for a longer time and this result in cramps. The muscle in this case, would be relaxed by the ATP instead of sodium gradient. So, it can be concluded that the muscle cramps are caused when the muscles are not able to relax properly.
