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In 1820, amid growing sectional tensions over the issue of slavery, the U.S. Congress passed a law that admitted Missouri to the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state, while banning slavery from the remaining Louisiana Purchase lands located north of the 36º 30' parallel
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The Defiance Campaign was an act of civil disobedience by opposition groups against apartheid in South Africa in 1952 and 1953.
On April 6, 1952, the 300th anniversary of the arrival of white settlers in South Africa, demonstrations were held in support of the Defiance Campaign, which began on June 26 of the year. Campaign participants consciously violated apartheid laws, such as the ban on the use of facilities for whites and the obligation to wear passports. The idea was to be arrested for breaking the law, so that the prisons become overcrowded and thereby paralyze the judiciary.
The unexpectedly numerous non-violent activities of civil disobedience in the course of this campaign put the South African government in a politically and tactically difficult situation, since it was very difficult to deal with civilians without the potential for violence by police means. Although thousands of actors had already been arrested, the campaign did not decrease.
Around 8,500 Defiance Campaign actors were arrested, including Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu and Yusuf Dadoo, who were accused of treason under the Suppression of Communism Act. The Defiance Campaign was the first nationwide non-violent campaign against the apartheid system.
The Civil Rights Act of 1875 outlawed discrimination in public facilities, but it was declared unconstitutional in 1883 by the Supreme Court. In the 1896 case of Plessy v.s. Ferguson, the verdict that separate but equal was constitutional led to the creation of Jim Crow laws that segregated businesses and public places.
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El Museo Nacional de Historia y Cultura Afroamericana, que inaugurará el primer presidente afroamericano de la historia del país el próximo día 24, ha tardado más de un siglo en abrir sus puertas desde que en 1915 un grupo de veteranos afroamericanos de la Guerra Civil propusiera una iniciativa para albergar sus aportaciones a la nación. Y lo hará en un lugar privilegiado del National Mall de Washington, considerado “el jardín de América” y enclave de una veintena de museos dedicados a la historia del país. Su misión, en palabras de su director Lonnie Bunch, es “contribuir a que cada estadounidense, todo el mundo, entienda mejor la trayectoria de los afroamericanos y cómo ésta cambió a América”.
“La única manera de corregir un error es arrojar sobre él la luz de la verdad”. Estas palabras de la periodista y sufragista Ida B. Wells presiden una de las salas del museo y expresan su misión. El por qué lo recuerda Maya Angelou en la galería principal: “Con los obsequios que heredé de mis ancestros, yo soy el sueño y la esperanza del esclavo”. Y Bunch, el encargado de hacer realidad el sueño del museo, ha tardado más de una década en recopilar los trazos de una de las historias más dolorosas del país y conseguir situarlos después bajo un mismo techo.
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