Adhesive pili, exotoxins, and capsules are all microbial factors that help them establish infection. these are examples of virulence factors.
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What is the mechanism of infection?</h3>
- Microbes encounter epithelial cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes of barriers established by mucosae, mucocutaneous junctions, or skin as they enter the body through ingestion, inhalation, direct contact, cutaneous penetration, and ascending infection.
- Capsules are believed to play a part in the pathogenicity and colonization of a variety of pathogenic bacteria due to their exposure to the environment.
- Capsules can hinder host cell phagocytosis, stop complement-mediated lysis, and stop bacterial desiccation.
- Typically hear about three main categories of germs: bacteria, viruses, and fungus.
- Since most capsules inhibit water loss, they may aid in the bacterium's ability to avoid desiccation.
- A bacterial cell can be shielded by a capsule from white blood cells' digestion and obliteration.
- By inhibiting pathogen-associated molecular patterns or from binding to endocytic pattern-recognition receptors on the surface of the phagocytes, capsules can avoid unenhanced adhesion.
- Some bacteria's capsules obstruct the body's complement pathway defenses.
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I would say the answer is D
Answer:
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Answer:
The diagram shows the connection of how they need each other in order to work. Photosynthesis needs Cellular Respriation because Cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide and in order to give out oxygen it needs carbon dioxide. And in order to produce carbon dioxide the cellular respiration need oxygen from the photosythisis cycle
I hope this helps.
<span>palisade and spongy layers of the mesophyll are </span>the two layers of the plant containing chloroplasts
