Because of, due to, consequently, if then, since, so, thus, as a result, therefore.
An allusion is a reference to a literary character from a well-known work (for example, Frankenstein, Sherlock Holmes, Biblical characters, etc.). This allows a writer to avoid having to explain all the finer points of his character, by simply pointing the reader to another well-known character. The answer is D.
I can only answer question 1.
1: One event that relates to this is when British soldiers shot upon colonial revolutionists. This lead to the American Revolution.
