The Scientific Revolution was a series of events that marked the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy) and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature.[1][2][3][4][5][6] The Scientific Revolution took place in Europe towards the end of the Renaissance period and continued through the late 18th century, influencing the intellectual social movement known as the Enlightenment. While its dates are debated, the publication in 1543 of Nicolaus Copernicus' De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) is often cited as marking the beginning of the Scientific Revolution.
The concept of a scientific revolution taking place over an extended period emerged in the eighteenth century in the work of Jean Sylvain Bailly, who saw a two-stage process of sweeping away the old and establishing the new.[7] The beginning of the Scientific Revolution, the 'Scientific Renaissance', was focused on the recovery of the knowledge of the ancients; this is generally considered to have ended in 1632 with publication of Galileo's Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems.[8] The completion of the Scientific Revolution is attributed to the "grand synthesis" of Isaac Newton's 1687 Principia. The work formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation, thereby completing the synthesis of a new cosmology.[9] By the end of the 18th century, the Age of Enlightenment that followed the Scientific Revolution had given way to the "Age of Reflection".
This growth has led to an increase in crime and an increase in the number of prisoners. Reformers blamed mainly the poor for these social changes. Criminals were considered social corrupts. Many believed that such behavior could only be mitigated through diligence and strict discipline.
World War I was a war that differed from all others before it, in terms of scale, technology and scope. New technologies such as the tank and the use of chemical weapons were developed during this war, which led to the implementation of trenches as a way to avoid such methods. However, the use of trenches made it difficult for battles to be decisive, leading to a lengthening of the war and a stalemate that led to many casualties.
European societies were able to wage war on this scale because most of them were empires. They had colonies overseas that were very profitable, and protected from the war. This allowed countries to have a constant influx of wealth that allowed the fight to continue.
The impact on European society was massive. The war killed an entire generation of men in many areas of Europe. It also led to animosity between Germany and other countries. Finally, it also encouraged the development of a nihilistic and hedonistic youth during the 1920s.
The Treaty of Versailles that ended the war can be strongly linked to the beginning of World War II. Many scholars believe that the terms of the treaty were too harsh to Germany. This created resentment among the German people and government, as well as an economic crisis. These growing problems were used by the Nazi Party to encourage support for the Nazi regime.
Variation in the relative frequency of different genotypes in a small population, owing to the chance disappearance of particular genes as individuals die or do not reproduce.
