A polis of ancient Greece was a a)politically independent unit that included a city and surrounding land. A polis meant the city-states which existed during ancient Greece and would stand today as what it's modern city would be called. A polis also stood as a form of identity as it would be a person's citizenship and can be used to describe a body of citizens.
I think it's around the 1850s
Barter is a system of exchange where goods or services are directly exchanged for other goods or services without using a medium of exchange, such as money
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The effects of war are widely spread and can be long term or short term.[2] Soldiers experience war differently than civilians, although either suffer in times of war, and women and children[citation needed] suffer unspeakable atrocities in particular. In the past decade, up to two million of those killed in armed conflicts were children.[2] The widespread trauma caused by these atrocities and suffering of the civilian population is another legacy of these conflicts, the following creates extensive emotional and psychological stress.[3] Present-day internal wars generally take a larger toll on civilians than state wars. This is due to the increasing trend where combatants have made targeting civilians a strategic objective.[2] A state conflict is an armed conflict that occurs with the use of armed force between two parties, of which one is the government of a state.[4] "The three problems posed by intra‐state conflict are the willingness of UN members, particularly the strongest member, to intervene; the structural ability of the UN to respond; and whether the traditional principles of peacekeeping should be applied to intra‐state conflict".[5] Effects of war also include mass destruction of cities and have long lasting effects on a country's economy.[6] Armed conflict has important indirect negative consequences on infrastructure, public health provision, and social order.[7] These indirect consequences are often overlooked and unappreciated.
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