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Procedural due process - The rules. People in charge have to follow them. There are procedures for managing situations when a person is accused of misconduct. Example: A student is accused of cheating. Procedural due process is what they do to prove that, and how they decide to punish him.
Substantive due process - The rules don't apply, or they're ridiculous. Standard procedures for managing situations don't always work. Example: A student is accused of cheating. Substantive due process addresses whether the rules are valid, make sense, and work.
Gladwell believes students in a KIPP school succeed despite facing circumstances that would otherwise lead to failure.
Rather than failure, however, these students succeed. Gladwell argues that the culture of the school and its community -- he uses the term "cultural legacy" is what leads to success.
Gladwell argues cultural legacies are so powerful they help people defy the odds and succeed. He believes more needs to be learned about them.