The Byzantine Empire fell in 1453. The immediate cause of its fall was pressure by the Ottoman Turks. The Ottomans had been fighting the Byzantines for over 100 years by this time. In 1454, Constantinople finally fell to them and their conquest of the Byzantine Empire was complete<span>.</span>
Apartheid is specifically associated with South Africa - when there is a question mentioning this word, it's very likely that it's connected to this country. South Africa is also the correct answer here. Apartheid ended in 1994 and 1997 is the year when the new Constitution came into power.
A "Second Reconstruction", sparked by the civil rights movement, led to civil-rights laws in 1964 and 1965 that ended legal segregation and re-opened the polls to Blacks. The laws and constitutional amendments that laid the foundation for the most radical phase of Reconstruction were adopted from 1866 to 1871
