What is the probability of having a male (XY) or female (XX)

Instead of oxygen __________ may utilize nitrate or sulfate as their final electron acceptors

steposvetlana [31]

The answer in the space provided is anaerobic respiration. It is because this allows of having to utilize other substance than oxygen such as nitrate or sulfate to be their electron acceptors in which is for organisms that undergoes respiration.

4 0

3 years ago

Phenytoin (sodium channel blocker) and ethosuximide (calcium channel blocker) are anti-seizure drugs that stop seizures from hap

vekshin1

Answer:

Phenytoin and ethosuximide are drugs that slow the recovery of the sodium channel during the inactivated state.

That is to say, they prolong the inactivation state of the channel, thus generating that in this way the neuron remains in resting potential and the action potential causing the epileptic attack is not triggered.

On the other hand, these drugs, according to the bibliography of the book "Golan, 3rd Edition, Principles of Pharmacology" have a use-dependent affect capacity, this means that those sodium channels that have more activity will be more affected, in this way Not only is epileptic shock avoided, but if the same happens independently in any neuron, it will not be able to propagate the action potential to its neighboring neurons, therefore the surrounding neurons will not be stimulated and will not be fulfilled. with the sudden rapid discharges that are the most dangerous in some cases of severe epilepsy.

It is important to understand that these drugs affect the ion channels responsible for exciting neurons, that is why by inhibiting them, a constant rest of these neurons is promoted, and they are unable to generate abrupt discharges and dissemination of the electric charge. among them generating epileptic shocks.

The ions in neurons are in charge of indicating or modulating the different neuronal states, if they are inactive, open or closed, they will directly affect the membrane potential, that is, the positive or negative charge of the neuron's membrane.

Explanation:

In order to finish completing the question, these drugs are excreted through the p450 protein, that is why if this excretion system becomes saturated because another drug is consumed that is excreted in the same way, these antiepileptics will remain longer in use. blood and in the body, generating a greater effect and enhancing adverse effects on the central nervous system.

6 0

3 years ago

All of the following are effects of crossing over of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis with the EXCEPTION of

otez555 [7]

C the appearance of new phenotypes in the offspring

7 0

3 years ago

Read 2 more answers

Compare and contrast the chemically different layers of Earth’s interior.

Minchanka [31]

They are all not plate tectonics

4 0

3 years ago

In your experiment, you found the following offspring only:Tall green: 626 offspring.Tall yellow: 313 offspring.Short green: 309

Karo-lina-s [1.5K]

Complete question:

1. You found a new species of garden pea and have decided to repeat Mendel’s experiments. You have obtained two true-breeding pea plants that are tall (T) with yellow pods (g), and short (t) with green pods (G), respectively. Capital letters indicate dominant traits.

a. What is the genotype and phenotype of the F1 generation? (2p)

b. You allowed self-fertilization in F1 generation and obtained F2 generation. Using Punnett square to obtain the phenotypes, genotypes and their respective ratios. (4p)

2. If you obtained 1248 offspring in the F2 generation in Question 1, calculate how many offspring of each phenotypic class you would expect to have. (4p)

3. When you finish questions 1 and 2, under what assumption/hypothesis did you perform your analysis/calculation? Is there an alternative assumption/hypothesis, which may result in a different conclusion? If yes, what is the alternative assumption/hypothesis and what kind of offspring and in what numbers do you expect to obtain? (4p)

4. You only need to answer A or B to get this 6p. Please indicate which question you are answering. In your experiment, you found the following offspring only: Tall green: 626 offspring. Tall yellow: 313 offspring. Short green: 309 offspring.

A: If you stay with your original hypothesis/assumption, test it using chi2 test and analyze the result (whether you want to reject the hypothesis and why).

B: If you believe that the alternative hypothesis fits better with your data, test it using chi2 test and analyze the result (whether you want to accept the hypothesis and why).

Answer:

1) a. 100% of the progeny will be dihybrid, TtGg, exhibiting the phenotype

Tall plants with green pods.

b. F2 Gentotype:

1/16 TTGG
2/16 TTGg
1/16 TTgg
2/16 TtGG
4/16 TtGg
2/16 Ttgg
1/16 ttGG
2/16 ttGg
1/6 ttgg

F2 Phenotype:

9/16 Tall plants with green pods (T-G-)
3/16 Tall plants with yellow pods (T-gg)
3/16 Short plants with green pods (ttG-)
1/16 Short plants with yellow pods (ttgg)

Phenotypic ratio → 9:3:3:1

2) T-G- → 702 individuals

T-gg → 234 individuals

ttG- → 234 individuals

ttgg → 78 individuals

3)

Null Hypothesis: The population is under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The alleles of this population assort independently.

Alternative Hypothesis: The population is not in equilibrium. Alleles do not assort independently.

4) a. There is enough evidence to <u>reject the null hypothesis</u>, meaning that the difference between the observed number of individuals and the expected ones is statistically significant. The population is not under equilibrium H-W. Alleles do not assort independently.

Explanation:

1) 1st Cross: True-breeding tall (T) with yellow pods (g) pea plant with a short (t) with green pods (G) plant

Tall and Green pods are the dominant traits,
Short and yellow pods are recessive traits.

Parentals) TTgg x ttGG

Gametes) Tg, Tg, Tg, Tg tG, tG, tG, tG

F1) 100% of the progeny will be dihybrid, TtGg, exhibiting the phenotype

Tall plants with green pods.

2nd Cross: F1 self-fertilization

Parentals) TtGg x TtGg

Gametes) TG, Tg, tG, tg

TG, Tg, tG, tg

Punnett square) TG Tg tG tg

TG TTGG TTGg TtGG TtGg

Tg TTGg TTgg TtGg Ttgg

tG TtGG TtGg ttGG ttGg

tg TtGg Ttgg ttGg ttgg

F2) Gentotype:

1/16 TTGG
2/16 TTGg
1/16 TTgg
2/16 TtGG
4/16 TtGg
2/16 Ttgg
1/16 ttGG
2/16 ttGg
1/6 ttgg

Phenotype:

9/16 Tall plants with green pods (T-G-)
3/16 Tall plants with yellow pods (T-gg)
3/16 Short plants with green pods (ttG-)
1/16 Short plants with yellow pods (ttgg)

Phenotypic ratio → 9:3:3:1

2) The total number of individuals in the F2 is 1248.

16 ----------------- 1248 individuals --------------- 100% of the progeny

9 T-G- ----------- X = 702 individuals-------------X = 56.25%

3 T-gg ----------- X = 234 individuals ----------- X = 18.75%

3 ttG- ------------- X = 234 individuals ---------- X = 18.75%

1 ttgg ------------- X = 78 individuals ------------ X = 6.25%

3)

Hypothesis: The population is under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The alleles of this population assort independently.

Alternative Hypothesis: The population is not in equilibrium. Alleles do not assort independently

4) F2 composed of:

Tall green: 626 offspring.
Tall yellow: 313 offspring.
Short green: 309 offspring.

Tall/Green Tall/Yellow Short/Green Short/Yellow

Observed 626 313 309 0

Expected 702 234 234 78

(Obs-Exp)²/Exp 8.23 26.7 24 78

X² = Σ(Obs-Exp)²/Exp = 8.23 + 23.7 + 24 + 78 = 136.93 ≅ 137

Freedom degrees = genotypes - number of alleles = 9 - 4 = 5

Significance level, 5% = 0.05

Table value/ Critical value = 11.07

X² = 137

X² > Critica value

137 > 11.07

There is enough evidence to <u>reject the null hypothesis</u>, meaning that the difference between the observed number of individuals and the expected ones is statistically significant. The population is not under equilibrium H-W. Alleles do not assort independently.

5 0

3 years ago