Answer:
Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area where the molecule is in high concentration to an area where the molecule is in lower concentration. ... Facilitated diffusion is the movement of a molecule from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration with the help of a protein channel or carrier.
Explanation:
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Larger portions of the plant populations are susceptible to the same diseases.
The answer is option A
The hassle of small farmer livelihood is aggravated due to the truth that small farmers be afflicted by many manufacturing dangers like drought, flood, loss of ok use of inputs, poor extension leading to huge yield gaps, loss of confidence and adequate irrigation, crop failure and so forth.
The farmer's concerns are:
- cope with weather exchange, soil erosion, and biodiversity loss.
- satisfy customers' converting tastes and expectancies.
- Meet the growing call for more meals of higher high-quality.
- spend money on farm productivity.
- undertake and learn new technology.
- live resilient in opposition to worldwide financial elements.
Many farmers are worried about the decreasing genetic diversity of plants associated with generations of artificial selection and inbreeding. Why is limiting random sexual reproduction of food crops concerning?
a. Larger portions of the plant populations are susceptible to the same diseases.
b. Mutations during asexual reproduction decrease plant fitness.
c. Spores are not viable in an agricultural setting.
d. Consumers do not trust identical-appearing produce.
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Before DNA can be replicated, the double stranded molecule must be “unzipped” into two single strands. DNA has four bases called adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C) and guanine (G) that form pairs between the two strands. Adenine only pairs with thymine and cytosine only binds with guanine. In order to unwind DNA, these interactions between base pairs must be broken. This is performed by an enzyme known as DNA helicase. DNA helicase disrupts the hydrogen bonding between base pairs to separate the strands into a Y shape known as the replication fork. This area will be the template for replication to begin.
Step 2: Primer Binding
The leading strand is the simplest to replicate. Once the DNA strands have been separated, a short piece of RNA called a primer binds to the 3' end of the strand. The primer always binds as the starting point for replication. Primers are generated by the enzyme DNA primase.
Step 3: Elongation
Enzymes known as DNA polymerases are responsible creating the new strand by a process called elongation. There are five different known types of DNA polymerases in bacteria and human cells. In bacteria such as E. coli, polymerase III is the main replication enzyme, while polymerase I, II, IV and V are responsible for error checking and repair. DNA polymerase III binds to the strand at the site of the primer and begins adding new base pairs complementary to the strand during replication. In eukaryotic cells, polymerases alpha, delta, and epsilon are the primary polymerases involved in DNA replication. Because replication proceeds in the 5' to 3' direction on the leading strand, the newly formed strand is continuous.
Step 4: Termination
Once both the continuous and discontinuous strands are formed, an enzyme called exonuclease removes all RNA primers from the original strands. These primers are then replaced with appropriate bases. Another exonuclease “proofreads” the newly formed DNA to check, remove and replace any errors. Another enzyme called DNA ligase joins Okazaki fragments together forming a single unified strand. The ends of the linear DNA present a problem as DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides in the 5′ to 3′ direction. The ends of the parent strands consist of repeated DNA sequences called telomeres. Telomeres act as protective caps at the end of chromosomes to prevent nearby chromosomes from fusing.
So if that here are the functions of enzymes used:
DNA helicase - unwinds and separates double stranded DNA as it moves along the DNA. It forms the replication fork by breaking hydrogen bonds between nucleotide pairs in DNA.
DNA primase - a type of RNA polymerase that generates RNA primers. Primers are short RNA molecules that act as templates for the starting point of DNA replication.
DNA polymerases - synthesize new DNA molecules by adding nucleotides to leading and lagging DNA strands.
Topoisomerase or DNA Gyrase - unwinds and rewinds DNA strands to prevent the DNA from becoming tangled or supercoiled.
Exonucleases - group of enzymes that remove nucleotide bases from the end of a DNA chain.
DNA ligase - joins DNA fragments together by forming phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides.
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<span>Lynn Margulis supported the endosymbiotic theory and
studied mitosis in cells. She was an American evolutionary theorist who made
great significance in the symbiosis of organisms in biological evolution. She
is also a developer of the Gaia Theory, which believes that the Earth functions
as a single self-regulating system. </span>
Answer:
phase change requires more energy to occur
