Homo meaning same
sapien meaning from apes
Long-term potentiation (LTP) is considered a cellular correlate of learning and memory. The presence of G protein-activated inwardly rectifying K(+) (GIRK) channels near excitatory synapses on dendritic spines suggests their possible involvement in synaptic plasticity. However, whether activity-dependent regulation of channels affects excitatory synaptic plasticity is unknown. In a companion article we have reported activity-dependent regulation of GIRK channel density in cultured hippocampal neurons that requires activity oF receptors (NMDAR) and protein phosphatase-1 (PP1) and takes place within 15 min. In this study, we performed whole-cell recordings of cultured hippocampal neurons and found that NMDAR activation increases basal GIRK current and GIRK channel activation mediated by adenosine A(1) receptors, but not GABA(B) receptors. Given the similar involvement of NMDARs, adenosine receptors, and PP1 in depotentiation of LTP caused by low-frequency stimulation that immediately follows LTP-inducing high-frequency stimulation, we wondered whether NMDAR-induced increase in GIRK channel surface density and current may contribute to the molecular mechanisms underlying this specific depotentiation. Remarkably, GIRK2 null mutation or GIRK channel blockade abolishes depotentiation of LTP, demonstrating that GIRK channels are critical for depotentiation, one form of excitatory synaptic plasticity.
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Fissure because it's like a large gaping crack in the earth
Lipid bilayer model was proposed for its structure but it was modified and new structure is according to fluid mosaic model. Plasma membrane is selectively permible as it selects small molecules like lipid etc (composition is also of lipid and as solubility principle like dissolve like) so large and charged molecules like plasma and ion can't pass through it. Lipid are in form of layer so at the chain when ever other phosphate group attach the place conjugate molecule (phospholipid ) formed
Answer:
e. The flexor carpi radialis muscle is medial to the brachioradialis, and extensor carpi radialis longus in posterior to the brachioradialis
Explanation:
The Brachialis is an anterior skeletal arm muscle that extends from the medial arm to the superior area of the forearm. The brachialis fibers originate in the anterior part of the humerus and direct to the inferior part of the elbow, where they insert in the upper region of the ulna and distal radius. Posterolateral to the brachialis is the extensor carpi radialis longus, while medially is the flexor carpi radialis longus. This muscle a flexor of the elbow, used in every movement needed to approximate the anterior part of the forearm to the arm. It is a very thick and powerful muscle that acts with high speed.
