Richter's original magnitude scale (ML) was extended to observations of earthquakes of any distance and of focal depths ranging between 0 and 700 km. Because earthquakes excite both body waves, which travel into and through the Earth, and surface waves, which are constrained to follow the natural waveguide of the Earth's uppermost layers, two magnitude scales evolved - the MB and MS scales.
The standard body-wave magnitude formula is
MB = log10(A/T) + Q(D,h) ,
where A is the amplitude of ground motion (in microns); T is the corresponding period (in seconds); and Q(D,h) is a correction factor that is a function of distance, D (degrees), between epicenter and station and focal depth, h (in kilometers), of the earthquake. The standard surface-wave formula is
MS = log10 (A/T) + 1.66 log10 (D) + 3.30 .
There are many variations of these formulas that take into account effects of specific geographic regions so that the final computed magnitude is reasonably consistent with Richter's original definition of ML. Negative magnitude values are permissible.
Answer: Low population density Tend to decrease birth rates and increase mortality rates.
Explanation:
Answer:
well 5% around US so it would affect alot of people in a way because if People don't get the vaccine people will be affected
This is because of natural selection; since polar bears live in a rough environment, natural selection gives them more fur, more muscle, and can go longer without food
The answer is C. This was
achieved through
gene regulatory networks. The ability of the cells
to segment and differentiate gave the
metazoans a great advantage. This is thought
to have begun in the Cambrian period with complete
bodies existing by the Paleozoic era.
