The answer to your question is a. Pope Urban II. Him and the Catholics (then, Christians) crusaded into the Holy Land.
With the advancements in Astronomy we have been able to explore the unexplored,gather information about other solar systems/suns/planets and galaxy's.
Answer:
I think this is it
Higher offices in the Americas and Philippines were held by peninsulares.
Colonial officials at the highest levels arrived from Spain to fulfill their duty to govern
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