Answer: It was a disease spread through contact with animals (zoonosis), basically through fleas and other rat parasites (at that time, rats often coexisted with humans, thus allowing the disease to spread so quickly).
In order for the agricultural societies to develop and sustain themselves, numerous changes had to be done, and some of those changes were that several institutions had to be established. The institutions that were established were the political, economic, and religious ones. The political institutions had the purpose to control and organize the society. The economic institutions had the purpose to make the society sustainable and develop it economically. The religious ones had the purpose to teach the spiritual values of the people, but very often they also were the ones that were included in the preservation of the traditions and education.
They knew the Greek idea of direct democracy. While they didn't necessarily apply the idea in their political system directly, they did apply some ideas that were shared with the Greeks that made the Roman political system more stable and better in the end.
Answer:
The Pope gave him that title, because he wrote a book defending Catholicism against Luther’s arguments. The Pope revoked the title when Henry turned Protestant himself, but he kept it anyway.
