<u>Answer:</u> The Ottoman Empire was ruled by a series of ineffective sultans.
"The cause of" would be the answer
A good few there's the good ole' compass and maps, the astrolabe(to determine the altitude of the sun and other heavenly bodies), the crossstaff (also for measuring the altitude of celestial bodies), and the sextant (which is the innovated replacement of the astrolabe)
Answer: During the civil war, it became easy for southern people to have access to inland cities in the North. As they had complete control over the coastline, they started shipping goods to Europe. While North had no aces and most of its products were industrial, it was at a disadvantage.
