It doesn't mean that throughout the short days, the participants don't get far, nor does it indicate that time runs out just before the plot even starts. They're not even moaning about the cold, so I'd cut the next one out, too. The reason, I would say, is that it means that the days are stressful yet lovely. Particularly when they were talking about the setting of the sun.
Answer: I'm assuming this is a grammar correction...
In this case, your answer would be a) planner's job. Assuming the planner is a person, we would insert the 's because we are describing his/her job. We remove the comma because it is placed incorrectly in the sentence.
Analogies are fun. In this one, difference is to opposite as catastrophe is to disaster. Difference and opposite are synonyms, so the blank is a synonym.
The correct answer is C: The rich have too much time on their hands and not enough to think about. Pope tries to punctuate the ridiculousness of a society in which values have lost all proportion and the society the poem describes is one that isn't able to distinguish between what really matters and what doesn't. His intention was to cool hot tempers and to encourage people to laugh at their own absurdity.