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Pachacha [2.7K]
3 years ago
9

What are the five layers in the internet protocol stack? What are the principal responsibilities of each of these lay?

Computers and Technology
1 answer:
mariarad [96]3 years ago
7 0

Solution:

The five Layers in Internet protocol stack are:

1.Application Layer  

2.Transport Layer  

3.Network Layer  

4.Link Layer  

5.Physical Layer  

The principal responsibilities of these layers are as follows:

1.Application Layer •Applications with appropriate requirement for user.  

•It is reserved for network applications and their application protocols such as HTTP, SMTP, and FTP etc.  

•Its protocol uses transport layer protocols for establishing host-to-host connection.  

2.Transport Layer  

•It is responsible for End-to-Communication  

•Transport layer transports messages from application layer between client and server of application  

•It uses two protocol for transporting messages: TCP and UDP.TCP provides reliable connection oriented services, while UDP provides connectionless service  

3.Network Layer  

•Network Layer moves packets from one host to destination.

•It has two principal component:IP protocol:-It defines the datagrams and decide how the end system and router will work Routing protocols: these protocols decide the routing path between source and destination. 4.Link Layer  

•It is responsible for link-level communication  

•Link layer receives the data gram from network layer at each node and delivers it to next node, the next node passes the datagram to network layer.so This layer moves entire frames from one network element to adjacent one.

•The service provided by link layer is protocol dependent

5.Physical Layer  

•It provides Physical media

•At each node, it moves individual bits of frames to next node.  


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Implement function hex2dec that takes a hex number hex_num as a string argument and prints out the corresponding decimal number.
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Answer:

Check the explanation

Explanation:

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

void hex2dec(string hex_num){

int n = 0;

//Loop through all characters in string

for(int i=0;i<hex_num.size();i++){

//take ith character

char c = hex_num[i];

//Check if c is digit

if(c>='0' && c<='9'){

n = 16*n + (c-48);

}

//Convert c to decimal

else{

n = 16*n + (c-55);

}

}

cout<<hex_num<<" : "<<n<<endl;

}

int main()

{

hex2dec("EF10");

hex2dec("AA");

return 0;

}

The Output can be seen below :

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Which of the following would be a valid method call for the following method? public static void showProduct (int num1, double n
Alenkinab [10]

Answer:

showProduct(int,double)

for example: showProduct(10,10.5) is the correct answer even showProduct(10,10.0) is also correct but showProduct(10.0,10.5) or showProduct(10,10) or showProduct(10.0,10) are wrong calls.

Explanation:

The code is

  1.       <em>public static void showProduct (int num1, double num2){</em>
  2. <em>       int product;</em>
  3. <em>       product = num1*(int)num2;</em>
  4. <em>       System.out.println("The product is "+product);</em>
  5. <em>       }</em>

showProduct is function which asks for two arguments whenever it is called, first one is integer and second one is of type double which is nothing but decimal point numbers. Generally, in programming languages, 10 is treated as integer but 10.0 is treated as decimal point number, but in real life they are same.

If showProduct( 10,10.0) is called the output will be 'The product is 100'.

Strange fact is that, if you enter showProduct(10,10.5) the output will remain same as 'The product is 100'. This happens because in the 3rd line of code,which is <em>product=num1*(int)num2</em>, (int) is placed before num2 which makes num2 as of type integer, which means whatever the value of num2 two is given, numbers after decimal is erased and only the integer part is used there.

This is necessary in JAVA and many other programming languages as you <u>cannot</u><u> multiply two different datatypes</u> (here one is int and another is double). Either both of them should be of type int or both should be of type double.

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