A. Andrew Johnson was president from 1865 when Lincoln was assassinated to 1859, where he lost reelection to Ulysses S. Grant.
It is a fragment (no verb). No action and no consequence
China and Japan are geographically separated only by a relatively narrow stretch of ocean. China has strongly influenced Japan with its writing system, architecture, culture, religion, philosophy, and law. When Western countries forced Japan to open trading in the mid-19th century, Japan moved towards modernization (Meiji Restoration), viewing China as an antiquated civilization, unable to defend itself against Western forces in part due to the First and Second Opium Wars along with Anglo-French Expeditions from the 1840s to the 1860s. Japan's long chain of invasions and war crimes in China between 1894 and 1945 as well as modern Japan's attitude towards its past are major issues affecting current Sino-Japanese relations.
B is the anwser to this question
I don't concur with the statement above since individuals needed to rely upon each other for specific things like water system and exchanging. Religions said things should be held together through peace. Rulers accepted to be ethically in charge of their subjects.
