Productivity is defined by the formula of outputs divided by inputs for a specified period of time.
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A product is an item provided for sale. A product may be a provider or an item. it can be bodily or digital or cyber form. each product is made at a cost and each is offered at a fee. The rate that may be charged depends available on the market, the best, the advertising, and the section this is targeted.
There are 4 styles of products and each is classed based totally on client habits, charge, and product characteristics: comfort goods, shopping items, area of expertise merchandise, and unsought items.
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Production is a process whereby some goods and services, called inputs are transformed into other goods and services called output.
The production function refers to the relationship between the input of factor services and the output of the resultant product.
The production function is based on the idea that the amount of output in a production process depends upon the amount of inputs used in the process.
Output depends upon an input or a set of inputs in such a way that there is one unique amount of output resulting from each set of inputs.
This unique relationship between output and inputs is termed as production function.
A production function may be expressed in three forms:
(a) It can be expressed in the form of an arithmetic table where first few columns show the input of the factors and the last column shows total output of the product.
(b) The production function can also be illustrated geometrically by means of a simple graph as shown in given figure . Input level is measured along the horizontal axis and the total output upon he vertical axis.
(c) The production function may be shown through an algebraic expression in which output is a dependent variable and input, the independent variable.
In algebraic form, it can be expressed as:
Y =f(x),
where Y represents the output, x, the input and ‘f’ means is a function of, or ‘depends upon, or is determined by’.
Answer:
a. firms have different costs.
Explanation:
A market might have an upward-sloping long-run supply curve if
a. firms have different costs.
b. consumers exercise market power over producers.
c. all factors of production are essentially available in unlimited supply.
d. the entry of new firms into the market has no effect on the cost structure of firms in the market.