The Age of Enlightenment promoted a confidence in reason or intellectual enquiry to bring greater happiness and progress to humanity; a belief that all aspects of the human and natural worlds are susceptible of rational explanation; and the desire to battle against ignorance, dogma, superstition, injustice and oppression.
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Special courts exist for both civil and criminal disputes. Cases tried in special, limited-jurisdiction criminal courts, such as traffic court or misdemeanor court, may be reheard in a general-jurisdiction trial court without an appeal upon the request of the parties.
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The geographic feature of Mesopotamia that led to the Sumerians being easily taken over was the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers that made it easy for their enemies to navigate and invade them.
Sumeria was the oldest civilization known to man. Sumerians settled in the middle of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in the Middle East region. There, they developed agriculture techniques and learn how to use the flood of the rivers to grow crops in that fertile soil. That is how they prosper for some time until their enemies could access their city-states navigating through both rivers.
The Articles of Confederation served as the written document that established the functions of the national government of the United States after it declared independence from Great Britain.
Slavery was released between the 40 years.