Answer:
In the longer term, the rise of Turkish power in Anatolia eventually gave rise to the Ottoman Empire which rapidly conquered the former Byzantine heartland over the course of the 14th and 15th centuries, culminating in the Fall of Constantinople to the army of Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror in 1453.
I believe it's A because as the Greeks advanced in time their overall structural design became more elaborate.
Marbury v. Madison set the precedent of judicial review, wherein the Supreme Court has the ability to deem a congressional bill unconstitutional. Therefore, the first clause would be your best bet.
Hope I could help!
Vernacular is the language of the common people, and thus what you should be writing in if you want to reach the largest audience possible. Only writing in Latin would limit who could read writers' works and limit the spread of their ideas and possibly their profit.