<span>Religious beliefs have
highly influenced the political and hierarchical structures in both Ottoman and
Safavid Persia empires. Although both states were of Islamic religion, they
belonged to different branches, Sunni and Shia. These branches differ over the
choice of Muhammad's successor, which subsequently acquired broader political
significance, as well as theological and juridical dimensions. Sunni Muslims
believed that Muhammad didn’t clearly appoint a successor, which is why there
isn’t hereditary succession law in Ottoman Empire. This contrasts with the Shia
Muslims view, which holds that Muhammad appointed his son-in-law and cousin Ali
ibn Abi Talib to succeed him. They believed that the empire should be led by
direct successor of Muhammad’s line. Differences between these two branches
affected the politics, as Shia Muslims weren’t religiously tolerant to other
confessions and considered them for heretics, even the other branches of Islam.
This resulted in the besieged of Bagdad, which was followed by the massacre of
a large part of its Sunni Muslim inhabitants, as it was endeavored to transform
Baghdad into a purely Shiite city. The besiege of Bagdad was the event that led
to the Ottoman-Safavid war (1623–1639).</span>
The civilian here is
D. Zoltán Farkas
Explanation:
In general the people whoa re working for and with the government and the army are not considered to be civilians.
The civilians are the ones that are not in stake of the government the police or the army and are not involved in the work of the state directly.
Thus, only the last options is left as that is a name of a person which can be lathered to a lot of people that is not clear who it is of.
But as it is a singular person that is to be a citizen and not other groups as they are not civilian.
The torah(old testment) .
I think that the answer is A. (im not so sure)
I hope this helps :) (im so sorry if this is wrong)
