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They wanted guaranteed protection for certain basic liberties, such as freedom of speech and trial by jury. A Bill of Rights was added in 1791. In part to gain the support of the Anti-Federalists, the Federalists promised to add a bill of rights if the Anti-Federalists would vote for the Constitution.
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The Citizens' Councils used economic tactics against African Americans whom they considered as supportive of desegregation and voting rights, or for belonging to the NAACP, or suspected of being activists.
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In philosophy, Chinese Buddhism had diminished its influence, but maintained its relationship with the arts and the charity of the monasteries. Buddhism had a profound influence on the threatened neo-Confucianism, led by Cheng Yi (1033-1107) and Zhu Xi (1130-1200). Mayahana Buddhism influenced Fan Zhongyan and Wang Anshi through its concept of ethical universalism, while Buddhist metaphysics had a profound impact on Cheng Yi's pre-neo-Confucian doctrine. In turn, the philosophical work of Chen Yi It influenced Zhu Xi. Although his writings were not accepted by his contemporaries, Zhu's commentaries and emphasis on the Confucian classics of the Four Books as an introductory corpus to the teaching of Confucius formed the basis of neo-Confucian doctrine. Around the year 1241, under the patronage of Emperor Lizong, the Four Books of Zhu Xi and their commentaries on them became the standard requirements of the study for students attempting to pass civil service examinations. The countries located east of Japan and Korea also adopted the teachings of Zhu Xi, known as Shushigaku (朱子学, Zhu Xi School) in Japan, and in Korea as Jujahak (주자학).
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka was a landmark 1954 Supreme Court case in which the justices ruled unanimously that racial segregation of children in public schools was unconstitutional.
The American Civil War was a civil war fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865, between the North and the South. The Civil War began primarily as a result of the long-standing controversy over the enslavement of black people
