The shifting of the plates upset the environment in a negative way and changed the amount of carbon dioxide going into the air.
For number 8:
all radio waves,
infrared radiation,
visible light,
ultraviolet radiation,
X-rays,
gamma rays.
Diversity is produced by mutation, it is what causes life to have advantages or disadvantages, and thus allow survival of the fittest to choose which mutation is the best suited for it's environment.
