C and d have to do with the upper classes and how they (mostly) utilized labor. Populists were more concerned with how to make things work for them (a bit cynical on my part).
The progressives (particularly women and labor leaders) were very concerned about working conditions and how to improve them.
B<<<< answer
In every society, the government needs to have what are called police powers. What this means is that the governments need to have the right to uphold the laws. Governments need to have this ability so that they can protect their citizens from others who would seek to prey on them. Without police powers, for example, there is no one to protect us from being murdered or robbed, or otherwise harmed.
The problem is that the government can take away our rights in the process of trying to protect us. For example, let us imagine that the government is worried about drug use. It therefore declares that it has the right to test any person for drug use at any time. It also declares that it has the right to search anyone’s house at any time for evidence of drug manufacture, sale, or use. This would be great for law and order because it would make it much harder to get away with drug crimes, but it would be terrible for our rights.
Here are my thoughts and responses as to what I come to know for these civilizations' achievements. I even checked my World History notes from last year...
1. Egyptians
2. Sumerians
3. Phoenicians
4. -This is debatable... We could argue early caveman or Sumerians made it, depends on what resource, textbook, or class material you are deriving this from. Maybe Hebrew because they developed Monotheism, belief in one deity.
5. Hittites
6. This is very difficult to elaborate on. Many civilizations had very strikingly similar achievements and reviewing my notes, I can't find anything to give an absolute civilization responsible for this. You'll have to guess.
7. Babylonian?
Sorry I couldn't help with #4, 6, and 7 that well. It's very difficult to answer.
Prior to the printing press, there were only 30,000 copies of books in Europe and 75% of them were in Latin. The printing press made it possible to print more books in multiple languages which helped increase literacy and education throughout Europe because books were more accessible. The New Testament was also translated into German by Martin Luther. However, the Church did not like the printing press because it made it impossible for them to censor books. This means that authors were able to spread new ideas about science and religion which the Church did not agree with. While the spread of new ideas helped revolutionize society during the Renaissance, it created a lot of controversy with the Church.
